1. Which of the following was an important temporary gain for African Americans in the South during the period of Radical Reconstruction?
A. African American men served as senators in the United States Congress. Correct
B. All African Americans freely exercised voting rights guaranteed by the Fifteenth Amendment.
C. President Andrew Johnson agreed to implement land redistribution in the South.
D. Violent threats to African Americans were ended through federally enforced legislation.
E. Democratic Redeemer governments supplanted Republican Party governments in the Southern states.
Explanation
During Radical Reconstruction (1865-1877), African American men like Hiram Revels and Blanche Bruce were elected to the U.S. Senate, representing a significant but temporary political achievement due to federal oversight. Voting rights (B) were not fully realized due to ongoing suppression, Johnson opposed land redistribution (C), violence persisted (D), and Redeemer governments (E) ended Reconstruction gains.
2. Which of the following was part of the compromise that resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election?
A. The withdrawal of the remaining United States troops from the Southern states Correct
B. The legalization of racial segregation in the Southern states
C. The compensation of former slaveholders for emancipation
D. The repayment to holders of Confederate bonds at three-fifths face value
E. The implementation of a new system of proportional representation for congressional elections
Explanation
The Compromise of 1877 resolved the contested election by awarding Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency in exchange for removing federal troops from the South (A), effectively ending Reconstruction. Segregation (B) emerged later, compensation (C) and bond repayment (D) were not part of the deal, and proportional representation (E) was unrelated.
3. When increasing numbers of women entered clerical work between 1870 and 1930, all of the following occurred EXCEPT:
A. Women became the majority of the workers in the profession.
B. Men dominated management positions in the profession.
C. Many men departed for jobs in other fields and professions.
D. Wages increased for everyone who worked in the profession. Correct
E. The white-collar status associated with the profession decreased.
Explanation
As women entered clerical work, they became the majority (A), men retained managerial roles (B), men left for other fields (C), and the profession's prestige declined (E). However, wages did not increase (D); instead, they stagnated or fell due to the feminization of the workforce and oversupply of labor.
4. The Haymarket riot of 1886 weakened the labor movement because it
A. demonstrated the ineffectiveness of unionization
B. inspired unions to increasingly rely on violent tactics
C. linked labor and anarchism in the minds of the public Correct
D. initiated the use of court injunctions against labor strikes
E. convinced management to negotiate directly with workers
Explanation
The Haymarket riot, where a bomb exploded during a labor rally, associated unions with anarchism in public perception (C), leading to backlash and weakened support. Unionization remained effective (A), violence was not a sustained strategy (B), injunctions predated the riot (D), and management did not negotiate more (E).
5. Jacob Riis's book How the Other Half Lives is an example of the
A. War on Poverty
B. Progressive reform movement Correct
C. New Frontier
D. Fair Deal
E. New Deal
Explanation
Riis's 1890 book exposed urban poverty and tenement conditions, aligning with the Progressive reform movement (B) aimed at social and economic improvements. It predates the New Deal (E), Fair Deal (D), New Frontier (C), and War on Poverty (A), which were later 20th-century initiatives.