1. In a counseling setting, the term counter-transference refers to
A. the client's personal reaction to feelings about the counselor.
B. the counselor's personal reactions to the client's issues. Correct
C. a theory that disagrees with the concept of transference.
D. a current movement away from Freudian theories.
Explanation
Counter-transference is a phenomenon in which a counselor develops personal feelings or emotional reactions toward a client, often stemming from the counselor's own unresolved issues or past experiences. This is the opposite of transference, where the client projects feelings onto the counselor. The other options describe transference, a theoretical disagreement, or a historical trend, none of which accurately define counter-transference.
2. Clients who are unwilling, unready, or opposed to change and cling to their present behavior, even if destructive are referred to as
A. easy clients.
B. complicated clients.
C. resistant clients. Correct
D. transference clients.
Explanation
In counseling, the term resistant clients is used to describe individuals who exhibit reluctance or opposition to the therapeutic process. This resistance can manifest as being unwilling or unready to change their behaviors or attitudes, even when those behaviors are harmful. The other options are not standard terminology used to describe this specific behavior in counseling.
3. In 1942 who authored the influential book Counseling and Psychotherapy ?
A. Carl Rogers Correct
B. E. G. Williamson
C. Frank Parsons
D. John Dewey
Explanation
Carl Rogers is the author of the influential book Counseling and Psychotherapy, published in 1942. This book is a landmark text in the field of humanistic psychology and introduced his person-centered approach to counseling. E.G. Williamson is associated with trait and factor theory, Frank Parsons is considered the father of vocational guidance, and John Dewey was an influential philosopher and educational reformer, but none of them authored this specific book.
4. Which of the following is necessary for a scale to be considered valid?
A. Consistency of results over time
B. Agreement between different raters
C. Norming using a nationwide random sample
D. Measurement of what is intended Correct
Explanation
Validity in assessment refers to the degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure. While consistency of results over time (reliability) and agreement between different raters (inter-rater reliability) are important aspects of a good test, they do not, on their own, guarantee validity. Norming is a process to standardize a test, but it is not the definition of validity. The core concept of validity is the accurate measurement of what is intended to be measured.
5. According to Katherine A. Moon, in this theoretical approach to counseling, the client is an individual who is "entitled to direct his or her own therapy."
A. Existential
B. Gestalt
C. Cognitive
D. Person-centered Correct
Explanation
The statement "the client is an individual who is 'entitled to direct his or her own therapy'" is a central tenet of person-centered therapy, a humanistic approach developed by Carl Rogers. This approach emphasizes the client's capacity for self-direction and personal growth. Existential therapy focuses on personal responsibility and freedom, Gestalt therapy on the present moment, and Cognitive therapy on thought processes, but none are defined by this specific phrase.