1. What are the two catabolic pathways that lead to cellular energy production?
A. Fermentation and internal respiration
B. Fermentation and external respiration
C. Fermentation and cellular respiration Correct
D. Fermentation and anaerobic respiration
Explanation
The correct answer is C: Fermentation and cellular respiration. Fermentation and cellular respiration are the two catabolic pathways that lead to cellular energy production. Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces a small amount of ATP, while cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce a much larger amount of ATP through a series of metabolic pathways.
2. What are the functional units of the kidney?
A. Ureters
B. Glomeruli
C. Nephrons Correct
D. Renal capsules
Explanation
Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney responsible for filtering blood, regulating fluid balance, and forming urine. Each kidney contains thousands of nephrons that work together to maintain homeostasis in the body. Ureters are tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, not the functional units. Glomeruli are part of the nephron structure, specifically involved in the initial filtration of blood. Renal capsules are outer coverings of the kidney and do not serve as the functional units responsible for kidney function.
3. What are groups of similar cells called?
A. Membrane
B. System
C. Organ
D. Tissue Correct
Explanation
Groups of cells with similar structures and functions are called tissues. Tissues work together to perform specific functions in the body, such as muscle contraction, nerve signal transmission, and forming protective barriers. Examples of tissues include muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and epithelial tissue.
4. Which type of skin cancer can be recognized in lesion characteristics based on the ABCD rule?
A. Melanoma
B. Basal cell carcinoma Correct
C. Sarcoma
D. Squamous cell carcinoma
Explanation
The ABCD rule is a method used to identify characteristics associated with melanoma, not basal cell carcinoma. The letters stand for Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, and Diameter greater than 6mm. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer, but it is not typically identified using the ABCD rule. Melanoma is the correct answer as it is the type of skin cancer recognized based on the ABCD rule.
5. Which organelle contributes to phagocytosis in white blood cells?
A. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
B. Lysosomes Correct
C. Vacuole
D. Golgi apparatus
Explanation
Lysosomes are the organelles responsible for phagocytosis in white blood cells. During phagocytosis, white blood cells engulf and digest pathogens or debris. Lysosomes contain enzymes that aid in breaking down the engulfed material, playing a crucial role in the process. On the other hand, the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), Vacuole, and Golgi apparatus have different functions within the cell and are not directly involved in phagocytosis.