1. An individual attributes personal achievement in business to a focus on being competitive, independent, and successful in spite of challenges. Which statement is true regarding environmental factors and how they influence this person's personality and behavior? Options:
A. Environment is the single element in determining an individual s behavior
B. The individual s full potential may be determined by how well the individual adjusts to the requirements of the environment Correct
C. Studies demonstrate that environment influences behavior but has no influence on personality
D. Personality and behavior are based solely on environmental factor
Explanation
An individual’s full potential is influenced by how well they adapt to their environment. Personal traits like competitiveness and independence exist, but the opportunities, challenges, and norms in the environment shape how these traits are expressed in behavior and achievement. The environment is not the only factor affecting behavior, as genetics, abilities, and learned habits also contribute. It also influences personality development, not just actions, and neither personality nor behavior is determined solely by environmental factors; both inherited traits and life experiences play a role. Other ideas, such as environment being the single determinant or solely shaping personality, do not capture this interaction between personal traits and context.
2. Employee A noticed that Employee B was late for work, and A's perception of why B was late will determine what action A takes in this situation. Considering attribution theory, which factors will determine A's perception regarding whether B's behavior was internally or externally caused? Options:
A. Problem, criteria, and alternatives
B. Creativity, relationships, and expertise
C. Distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency Correct
D. Situation, attributes, and alternatives
Explanation
Attribution judgments are determined by distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency. Distinctiveness considers whether the person behaves differently in other situations. Consensus examines whether others behave similarly in the same situation. Consistency looks at whether the behavior occurs repeatedly over time. These three factors help decide whether a behavior is due to internal traits, like personality, or external circumstances. Other options, such as problem, criteria, and alternatives, refer to decision-making steps rather than attribution cues. Creativity, relationships, and expertise are personal traits or resources, not factors for inferring causes. Situation, attributes, and alternatives is a vague combination that does not correspond to the recognized dimensions of attribution theory.
3. A person is ambitious and cheerful at work. Which type of values are these?
A. Instrumental values Correct
B. Intermediate values
C. Terminal values
D. Determinate values
Explanation
Ambitious and cheerful behaviors are examples of instrumental values, which are preferred modes of conduct that guide how a person acts in daily situations to achieve desired goals. Terminal values, on the other hand, are the ultimate end-states a person wishes to attain, such as a comfortable life, happiness, or wisdom, rather than daily behaviors. Intermediate values is not a standard category in values theory and does not have a defined role in guiding behavior. Similarly, determinate values is not a recognized category in organizational behavior and does not describe how individuals choose or act based on their principles.
4. A manager treats an employee with a free lunch to encourage the employee to continue doing well. Which kind of reward is provided?
A. Compensatory reward
B. Extrinsic reward Correct
C. Intrinsic reward
D. Personality reward
Explanation
A free lunch given by a manager to encourage good performance is an extrinsic reward, which is an external incentive provided to reinforce behavior. Compensatory rewards typically refer to structured pay or salary systems rather than occasional perks. Intrinsic rewards arise from the work itself, such as feelings of pride, satisfaction, or purpose, rather than tangible items. Personality rewards is not a recognized category in organizational behavior and does not describe how rewards are delivered or perceived
5. After physiological desires such as hunger, thirst, and shelter are fulfilled, the next level of desires becomes the basis for motivation. This is an example of which theory? Options:
A. Maslow's hierarchy of needs Correct
B. Two-factor theory
C. X and Y theory
D. Bigelow's three-factor theory
Explanation
This scenario illustrates Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which proposes that once basic physiological needs like hunger, thirst, and shelter are met, individuals focus on higher-order needs such as safety, belonging, esteem, and self-actualization, which then drive motivation. Two-factor theory differentiates between motivators and hygiene factors but does not describe a hierarchical progression of needs. Theory X and Y deals with managerial assumptions about employee behavior rather than a sequence of needs. Bigelow’s three-factor theory is not a recognized motivation theory in standard organizational behavior.