1. What is the definition of hyperlipidemia?
A. Elevated levels of lipids in the bloodstream Correct
B. A lack of red blood cell membrane proteins
C. A general low count of red blood cells
D. Bulging or dilation of a portion of an arterial wall
Explanation
Hyperlipidemia is a medical term for high levels of lipids (fats), such as cholesterol and triglycerides, in the blood. It is a key risk factor for cardiovascular disease. A lack of red blood cell membrane proteins describes conditions like hereditary spherocytosis. A general low count of red blood cells is the definition of anemia. Bulging or dilation of an arterial wall describes an aneurysm.
2. Which condition is considered a lower respiratory tract infection?
A. Infectious mononucleosis
B. Legionnaires' disease Correct
C. Allergic rhinitis
D. Epiglottitis
Explanation
Lower respiratory tract infections affect the structures below the larynx, such as the trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Legionnaires' disease is a type of pneumonia, a lower respiratory infection caused by the bacterium *Legionella pneumophila*. Infectious mononucleosis is a systemic viral infection. Allergic rhinitis is an upper respiratory tract condition affecting the nose. Epiglottitis is an infection and inflammation of the epiglottis, which is part of the upper airway.
3. What does rhinovirus cause?
A. Hand-foot-mouth disease
B. Mononucleosis
C. Upper respiratory infection Correct
D. Erythema infectiousum
Explanation
Rhinovirus is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold, which is an upper respiratory infection. Hand-foot-mouth disease is typically caused by Coxsackievirus. Mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. Erythema infectiousum, or fifth disease, is caused by Parvovirus B19.
4. Which condition is described?
A. Epiglottitis
B. Pharyngitis
C. Bronchitis
D. Laryngitis Correct
Explanation
Laryngitis is the inflammation of the larynx (voice box), which houses the vocal cords. This inflammation leads to symptoms like hoarseness, dry cough, and a sore throat. Epiglottitis is a serious inflammation of the epiglottis, which can cause airway obstruction. Pharyngitis is inflammation of the pharynx (throat), causing sore throat. Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi, primarily causing cough and mucus production.
5. Which disease does this patient have?
A. Bronchiectasis
B. Pulmonary tuberculosis Correct
C. Chronic asthma
D. Silicosis
Explanation
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is characterized by the formation of granulomas, which can undergo caseous necrosis. Over time, these lesions can calcify, appearing on an X-ray as calcified granular tissue. Bronchiectasis involves permanent dilation of the bronchi, not calcified granulomas. Chronic asthma involves bronchoconstriction and inflammation but not granulomas or necrosis. Silicosis causes nodular lesions but they are typically not described as having caseous necrosis like TB.