1. Which principle is reflected in the passage?
A. judicial activism
B. judicial restraint
C. judicial review Correct
D. judicial supremacy
Explanation
The passage from Federalist No. 78 describes judges determining the meaning of the Constitution and acts of the legislature. This is the core definition of judicial review—the power of the judiciary to declare legislative and executive acts unconstitutional. Judicial activism/restraint refer to how actively courts use this power, not the power itself. Judicial supremacy is a broader and more debated concept about the finality of judicial interpretations.
2. Which founding document most likely inspired the inclusion of these ideas in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
A. Mayflower Compact
B. Articles of Confederation
C. Declaration of Independence Correct
D. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Explanation
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) states "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and the security of person." This language is directly inspired by the U.S. Declaration of Independence (1776), which asserts the unalienable rights of "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." The other documents are important in American history but are not primary sources for these specific Enlightenment-based natural rights claims.
3. Which was the major objection of the Anti-Federalists during the debate over the United States Constitution?
A. lack of a bill of rights Correct
B. presence of an electoral college
C. creation of a bicameral legislature
D. weakness of the judicial branch
Explanation
The lack of a bill of rights was the most prominent and unifying objection of the Anti-Federalists. They feared that the new, stronger national government would encroach on individual liberties without explicit protections. While they had other concerns, the absence of a bill of rights was the central issue that led to the promise of the first ten amendments (the Bill of Rights) as a condition for ratification.
4. Which Congressional legislation increased African American participation in the political process?
A. Equal Pay Act of 1963
B. Civil Rights Act of 1964
C. Voting Rights Act of 1965 Correct
D. Fair Housing Act of 1968
Explanation
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 directly targeted racial discrimination in voting. It outlawed literacy tests, provided for federal oversight of voter registration in areas with a history of discrimination, and empowered the Attorney General to investigate poll taxes. These measures dramatically increased African American voter registration and political participation in the South.
5. Which federal government action was authorized by Executive Order 9066 of 1942?
A. the use of military tribunal to try suspected Nazi saboteurs
B. the entry of the United States into World War II
C. the desegregation of the United States military
D. the internment of Japanese Americans Correct
Explanation
Executive Order 9066, signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, authorized the Secretary of War to prescribe military areas from which any or all persons could be excluded. This led directly to the forced relocation and internment of Japanese Americans (including U.S. citizens) into camps during World War II.