1. According to the ideas of Karl Marx, what is the primary cause of social change?
A. Class conflict Correct
B. Economic progress
C. Industrial progress
D. Religious conflict
Explanation
Karl Marx argued that history is driven by material conditions and class struggle. The conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat over production creates tension leading to revolutionary change. This dialectical process is the core of Marxist theory on social transformation.
2. One of the original founders of sociology, Herbert Spencer, coined the term 'survival of the fittest.' What, specifically, was Spencer referencing when he used this term?
A. That industries should only employ young, able-bodied men
B. That strong nations should have the most say in global affairs
C. That helping the poor was wrong Correct
D. That helping a non-Christian was immoral
Explanation
Herbert Spencer applied Darwinian principles to society, believing social progress comes through competition. He opposed welfare, arguing it interferes with natural selection. 'Survival of the fittest' justified minimal government intervention.
3. Which sociological perspective views society as a system of interrelated parts?
A. Symbolic interactionism
B. Microsociology
C. Functional analysis Correct
D. Conflict
Explanation
Functional analysis sees society as a system where institutions like family and education work together for stability. Each part serves a function to maintain social order. Disruptions affect the entire system.
4. Which sociological perspective examines the meanings people give things and how those meanings influence our communication with one another?
A. Cultural relativism
B. Conflict
C. Symbolic interactionism Correct
D. Functional analysis
Explanation
Symbolic interactionism focuses on how people create and interpret symbols in interaction. Meaning emerges through social processes like language and gestures. This shapes communication and social reality.
5. In which research method does the researcher participate with the subjects in their own setting while observing what is happening in that setting?
A. Survey
B. Experiment
C. Field research Correct
D. Case study
Explanation
Field research, especially participant observation, involves immersion in the group being studied. This provides deep insight into natural behaviors and norms. It differs from controlled experiments or surveys.