Question 5

The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court and such inferior courts as the Congress may establish.

The judicial power of the United States is granted to one Supreme Court along with any inferior courts that Congress may create, as specified in Article III of the Constitution.

A) one Supreme Court

While this option mentions the Supreme Court, it fails to account for the provision in Article III that allows for the establishment of inferior courts by Congress. Therefore, it is incomplete and incorrect.

B) one Supreme Court and such inferior courts as the president may establish

This option incorrectly attributes the authority to establish inferior courts to the president. Article III explicitly states that this power lies with Congress, making this option inaccurate.

C) one Supreme Court and all the state supreme courts

This choice incorrectly includes state supreme courts as part of the judicial power vested by the Constitution. Article III only pertains to federal judicial power, thus making this option incorrect.

D) one Supreme Court and such inferior courts as the Congress may establish

This option accurately reflects the provisions of Article III, which designates the Supreme Court as well as any inferior courts that Congress may create, making it the correct answer.

E) one Supreme Court and such inferior courts as the chief justice recommends

This option incorrectly suggests that the chief justice has the authority to recommend the establishment of inferior courts. The Constitution gives this responsibility solely to Congress, rendering this option incorrect.

Conclusion

The correct option, D, clearly aligns with the constitutional provision that vests judicial power in one Supreme Court and allows Congress to establish inferior courts. All other options fail to accurately represent this foundational aspect of the U.S. judicial system, either by omitting necessary details or by misattributing power to other branches or entities.