Question 53

Joe's beliefs illustrate an external locus of control.

Joe perceives that his efforts in studying will not lead to a positive outcome, such as earning an A on his philosophy examinations. This indicates that he attributes his academic struggles to external factors, rather than his own abilities or efforts.

A) self-serving bias

Self-serving bias refers to the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to external factors. In Joe's case, he does not exhibit this bias since he believes he cannot succeed despite his efforts, indicating a lack of self-serving bias in his thinking.

B) an internal locus of control

An internal locus of control suggests that individuals believe they can influence their outcomes through their own actions. Joe's belief that he cannot achieve an A, regardless of his study efforts, shows he does not feel in control of his academic success, which contradicts an internal locus of control.

C) an external locus of control

An external locus of control reflects the belief that outcomes are determined by external factors beyond one’s control. Joe's belief that his professor dislikes him and that he cannot earn an A despite studying hard clearly demonstrates that he attributes his academic performance to external circumstances.

D) the Barnum effect

The Barnum effect refers to the tendency to accept vague or general statements as specifically applicable to oneself. Joe's beliefs about his academic performance and his relationship with his professor do not align with this effect, as they are specific perceptions rather than general statements.

Conclusion

Joe's beliefs about his academic situation clearly illustrate an external locus of control, as he attributes his challenges to factors outside his influence, such as his professor's perceived dislike. The other options fail to capture the essence of his mindset, as they either misinterpret his attribution of success and failure or apply to different psychological concepts.