58. One of the original founders of sociology, Herbert Spencer, coined the term 'survival of the fittest.' What, specifically, was Spencer referencing when he used this term?
Answer: D
Herbert Spencer was referencing that strong nations should have the most say in global affairs.
Spencer’s concept of 'survival of the fittest' was applied to nations, suggesting that stronger nations would naturally dominate and exert their influence over weaker ones in international relations.
A) That helping the poor was wrong
This option misinterprets Spencer's theory as it focuses on social welfare rather than the competitive dynamics between nations. While Spencer's views did imply a certain disdain for aiding the weak, the phrase 'survival of the fittest' specifically pertains to competition among nations and not directly to social welfare issues.
B) That industries should only employ young, able-bodied men
This choice is incorrect as it narrows the application of Spencer's theory to employment practices within industries. Spencer's idea was broader, addressing national and societal competition rather than specific employment policies or demographics.
C) That helping a non-Christian was immoral
This option misrepresents Spencer’s use of the term, as it focuses on religious morality rather than the competitive nature of nations. Spencer's 'survival of the fittest' did not directly relate to religious beliefs but rather to the idea that nations, like species, compete based on strength and fitness in a socio-political context.
D) That strong nations should have the most say in global affairs
This is the correct interpretation of Spencer's phrase. He believed that just as in nature, where the fittest survive, in society, the strongest nations would dominate and lead in global affairs. This reflects a worldview where strength and dominance are seen as indicators of rightful influence.
Conclusion
The correct answer underscores Spencer's application of 'survival of the fittest' to international relations, emphasizing that stronger nations would naturally have more power and influence. Other options fail to capture the essence of Spencer's theory, which is rooted in competition among nations rather than social welfare or moral judgments.