Question 11

Each file is owned by exactly one user and one group.

Every file in a filesystem is assigned to a single user and a single group, establishing clear ownership and access controls.

A) Each file is owned by exactly one user and one group.

This statement is correct as it accurately describes the ownership structure of files in most operating systems. Each file has a unique owner user and a primary group associated with it, which is fundamental to file permission systems.

B) The owner of a file always has full permissions when accessing the file.

This statement is incorrect. While the owner typically has more permissions than other users, the level of access depends on the permission settings of the file. For instance, owners can be granted limited permissions for specific reasons.

C) The user owning a file must be a member of the file's group.

This statement is misleading. A user can own a file without necessarily being a member of the group associated with that file. Ownership and group membership are independent attributes in a filesystem.

D) When a user is deleted, all files owned by the user disappear.

This statement is incorrect. When a user is deleted, the files may still exist, but they may become owned by the user ID without an associated username, often leading to orphaned files in the system.

E) The owner of a file cannot be changed once it is assigned to an owner.

This statement is false. The ownership of a file can be changed by users with appropriate permissions, typically through commands like `chown` in Unix-like operating systems.

Conclusion

The correct answer, that each file is owned by exactly one user and one group, reflects the fundamental principles of file ownership in operating systems. All other options either misrepresent the nature of file permissions, ownership, or the implications of user deletion, demonstrating a clear understanding of file management concepts is essential.