14. It can be inferred that the author of the passage and Clayton would both agree that
Answer: C
Clayton's experiment demonstrated that scrub jays do not reexperience the past but do exhibit episodic-like memory.
Both the author of the passage and Clayton would likely agree that while scrub jays may not reexperience events in the same way humans do, their behaviors indicate a form of episodic-like memory that reflects an understanding of past experiences.
A) the food preferences of the scrub jays in Clayton's experiment are difficult to explain
This option is incorrect because the passage does not discuss the food preferences of scrub jays or suggest that they are difficult to explain. Instead, the focus is on their memory capabilities and behaviors.
B) the presence of episodic memory cannot be inferred solely on the basis of observable behavior
While this option touches on the inference of episodic memory, it does not align with the emphasis of the passage, which suggests that although scrub jays do not reexperience the past, they exhibit behaviors indicative of episodic-like memory. Thus, this statement is not fully supported.
C) Clayton's experiment demonstrated that scrub jays do not reexperience the past but do exhibit episodic-like memory
This option is correct as it reflects the central theme of the passage. It acknowledges that scrub jays may not have the capacity to reexperience past events in the same way as humans, but their behavior shows that they possess a form of memory that resembles episodic memory.
D) Tulving substantially underestimated the ability of animals to bind different kinds of information
This choice is incorrect because the passage does not discuss Tulving or his assessments regarding animals’ abilities. Therefore, there is no evidence provided to support this claim within the context of the passage.
E) Clayton's experiment had certain fundamental design flaws that make it difficult to draw any conclusions about scrub jays' memories
This option is also incorrect as the passage does not mention any design flaws in Clayton's experiment. It focuses on the outcomes and implications of the experiment regarding scrub jays' memory.
Conclusion
Option C is the only choice that accurately captures the agreement between the author and Clayton regarding scrub jays' memory. Other options either misrepresent the context of the passage or introduce unrelated concepts, thus failing to align with the primary focus on episodic-like memory.