Question 89

Joe's beliefs illustrate an external locus of control.

Joe's beliefs indicate that he perceives his academic outcomes as being influenced by external factors, such as his professor's dislike and an inability to achieve high grades despite his efforts. This reflects the characteristics of an external locus of control, where individuals attribute their successes or failures to outside influences rather than their own actions.

A) Self-serving bias

Self-serving bias refers to the tendency of individuals to attribute their successes to internal factors while blaming external factors for their failures. Joe's beliefs do not showcase this bias, as he is attributing his potential failure to external circumstances rather than taking credit for any successes.

B) An internal locus of control

An internal locus of control is characterized by the belief that one can influence their own life outcomes through their actions. Joe's belief that he cannot earn an A regardless of his studying implies he feels powerless over his situation, which contradicts the concept of an internal locus of control.

C) An external locus of control

Joe's beliefs clearly demonstrate an external locus of control, as he attributes his academic struggles to factors outside of his control, such as his professor's opinions and his perceived inability to achieve high grades. This mindset illustrates how he sees his circumstances as dictated by external influences rather than his efforts.

D) The Barnum effect

The Barnum effect refers to the tendency for people to accept vague or general statements as personally meaningful. Joe's specific beliefs about his academic performance do not align with this concept, as they are concrete and personal rather than broad and ambiguous.

E) The spacing effect

The spacing effect is a psychological phenomenon related to how information is retained over time through spaced repetition. Joe's beliefs do not relate to this effect, as they concern his outlook on academic success rather than the process of learning and memory retention.

Conclusion

Joe's beliefs exemplify an external locus of control, as he attributes his academic challenges to external factors rather than recognizing his own influence over his performance. In contrast, the other options either misinterpret his mindset or pertain to different psychological concepts, highlighting why C is the only correct choice.