Question 72

A system where power is divided between national and state governments

Federalism is characterized by a division of powers between a central authority and constituent political units, specifically national and state governments. This system allows for multiple layers of governance, enabling both levels to operate independently in certain areas.

A) A system where all power is centralized in a single national government

This option describes a unitary system rather than federalism. In a unitary system, power is concentrated within a central government, which is contrary to the principle of federalism that emphasizes shared authority.

B) A system where power is divided between national and state governments

This option accurately defines federalism. It highlights the essential characteristic of federalism, where authority and responsibilities are distributed between national and state governments, allowing for a balance of power and local governance.

C) A system where states have complete sovereignty over all laws

While states possess certain powers under federalism, they do not have complete sovereignty, as federal law can override state law in many instances. This option misrepresents the nature of the relationship between state and national governments in a federal system.

D) A system where the judiciary has the final say in all disputes

This option focuses on the role of the judiciary rather than the division of powers typical of federalism. While the judiciary plays a crucial role in interpreting laws and resolving disputes, it does not define the structure of governance that federalism represents.

E) A system where citizens vote directly on all laws

This option describes a direct democracy rather than federalism. In a federal system, citizens typically elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf, rather than voting directly on all laws.

Conclusion

The correct answer, B, encapsulates the essence of federalism, which is the division of powers between national and state governments. Other options mischaracterize federalism by either centralizing power or focusing on aspects unrelated to the fundamental concept of power distribution. Thus, B is the only option that accurately reflects the principles of federalism.