Question 5

The longest-lasting achievement of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian was his codification of diverse Roman laws.

Justinian's codification of Roman laws, known as the Corpus Juris Civilis, had a profound and lasting impact on the legal systems of many countries and is considered one of his most significant contributions to both Byzantine and global history.

A) reconquest of the former Roman Empire

While Justinian did engage in military campaigns aimed at reconquering lost territories of the Roman Empire, these gains were often short-lived and did not have the lasting institutional impact that his legal reforms did. The reconquests ultimately drained resources and were difficult to maintain.

B) defeat of the Arian heresy in Italy

Although Justinian took actions against the Arian heresy, including supporting Nicene Christianity, this achievement did not have the same enduring legacy as his legal codification. The theological disputes continued long after his reign, illustrating that this was not a lasting solution to the issues of religious division.

C) moving the capital from Rome to Constantinople

The relocation of the capital to Constantinople was a strategic decision made by Emperor Constantine, not Justinian. While Justinian strengthened Constantinople, the act of moving the capital itself predates his rule and therefore cannot be attributed as his personal achievement.

D) codification of diverse Roman laws

This is Justinian's most significant and lasting achievement. The Corpus Juris Civilis systematically compiled and organized existing Roman laws and legal principles, influencing many modern legal systems and establishing a foundation for legal thought that persists today.

E) building a navy that controlled the Mediterranean Sea

Although Justinian did make efforts to enhance the Byzantine navy, these efforts were not as significant or enduring as his legal reforms. The naval dominance was often challenged and did not maintain the same long-lasting influence as his codification of laws.

Conclusion

Justinian's codification of diverse Roman laws stands out as his most enduring legacy, shaping legal frameworks for centuries to come. The other options, while notable achievements or efforts during his reign, either lacked lasting impact or were not directly associated with Justinian himself. Ultimately, the legal reforms he implemented established a foundation for the rule of law that continues to be relevant in contemporary legal systems.