Question 3

Those who develop theories of justice disagree about the extent to which economic activity affects ecological processes.

The passage does not indicate that theorists disagree about the relationship between economic activity and ecological processes. Rather, it discusses the perspectives of John Rawls and Martha Nussbaum on justice without suggesting any disagreement on this specific issue.

A) Those who develop theories of justice disagree about the extent to which economic activity affects ecological processes.

This statement is not supported by the passage, which presents both Rawls and Nussbaum’s theories without suggesting any disagreement regarding the influence of economic activity on ecological processes. The text focuses on their differing frameworks for evaluating justice, not on their consensus or disagreement about the impact of economics on ecology.

B) Economic productivity can result in environmental conditions that interfere with some central human functional capabilities.

This statement is supported by the passage, which highlights the conflict between economic productivity and the environmental conditions necessary for basic capabilities. It emphasizes the need to assess how these conditions affect individuals' abilities to achieve essential functions.

C) Both Rawls and Nussbaum address the question of social position in their theories of justice.

This statement is accurate as the passage explicitly mentions that both theorists evaluate relative social position through different lenses. Rawls focuses on "primary goods," while Nussbaum emphasizes human functional capabilities, indicating that both are concerned with social position.

D) Capabilities can be defined as underlying factors that enable achievements.

The passage supports this statement by explaining Nussbaum's perspective on capabilities as conditions that allow individuals to realize achievements. This definition aligns with her theory, emphasizing the importance of capabilities in assessing justice.

E) Consideration of how economic activity and ecological processes affect the distribution of benefits and burdens in a society is necessary if environmental inequities are to be addressed.

This statement is consistent with the passage, which argues that addressing environmental inequities requires understanding the interactions between economic activity and ecological processes. It underscores the necessity of this consideration in evaluating justice.

Conclusion

The correct answer, A, is clearly not indicated by the passage, as it does not reflect any disagreement among theorists about the effects of economic activity on ecological processes. In contrast, options B, C, D, and E are all supported by the text, illustrating key aspects of Nussbaum's and Rawls's theories and their implications for justice and environmental conditions. Thus, A stands out as the only statement lacking support from the provided extract.